Industrial fuel oil powers a vital role in many sectors of our economy. This crude petroleum product is commonly used to generate power for industrial processes, covering from manufacturing and construction to agriculture and energy production. The characteristics of industrial fuel oil make it a suitable choice for these demanding applications. I

Sputtering is a widespread technique utilized in the fabrication of advanced thin films. Titanium (Ti) sputtering, namely, has emerged as a preferred method due to its ability to deposit high-quality Ti thin films with precise thickness and composition. The process involves bombarding a Ti target with energetic ions, dislodging atoms that then depo